This study evaluated comparative profitability and technical efficiency of smallscale rice farmers with and without access to improved production technology in North Central Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study, Data were collected through the use of a well-structured questionnaires from 1500 sampled smallscale rice farmers with access to technology and also 1500 sampled smallscale rice farmers without access to technology making a total of 3000 rice farmers in the study area. The following statistical and econometrics tools were used to achieve the stated objectives; descriptive statistics, budgetary technique, stochastic production frontier and F-Chow test statistics. The results showed that the average age of the sampled rice farmers with technology was 36 years, while those without access to technology was 46 years. About 53.2% of the farmers with technology had formal education and also about 65.4% of the farmers without technology also had formal education. The results further showed that rice production was profitable for both catagories of the farmersThe average technical efficiency obtained by smallscale farmers with access to technology was higher (81.1%). The statistical significant (P<0.01) factors influencing rice production for both catagories of the smallscale farmers access to technology were: land size, labour, fertilizer and agrochemicals. The statistical significant (P<0.01) factors influencing technical inefficiency of both catagories of the the farmers were education), land size, experience, household size and extension contact or cooperative. The major challenges faced by smallscale rice farmers with access to technology were: poor credit facilities, shortage of farm input, inadequate rainfall season, high cost of labour and instability in planting calendar. The smallscale rice farmers without access to technology also faced with the following constraints: soil fertility, attitude of farmers towards adoption of innovation, poor credit facility, high cost of labour and instability in planting calendar and ineffectiveness of agricultural chemicals used due to delay in rainfall. The F-Chow test showed that there was significant impact on technical efficiency, productivity and profitability of rice farmers with access to improved technology. The study has recommended that inputs such as improved seed varieties, fertilizers, chemicals and extension services should be provided timely to the farmers by the government of Nigeria or NGOs at affordable price or subsidized rate.